MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES CLASS 10 (NCERT) NOTES

Manufacturing definition:

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

Common examples: paper from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, aluminum from bauxite, clothes from yarn.

Workers in Manufacturing:

- Secondary activities employ workers to transform raw materials into finished goods.

- Examples include steel factories, car production, breweries, textile industries, and bakeries.

Importance of Manufacturing:

- The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

Role of Manufacturing:

- Backbone of overall development and economic progress.

Factors:

1. Employment: 

Manufacturing modernizes agriculture and reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

2. Unemployment and Poverty Reduction: Industrial development is important to combat unemployment and poverty. 

Public and joint sector initiatives aim to achieve this and reduce regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

3. Boosting Trade (Foreign Exchange): Exporting manufactured products enhances trade, stimulates commerce, and generates essential foreign exchange.

4. Prosperity Through Value Addition: 

• Prosperous nations convert raw materials into higher-value finished goods. 
• India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

Interdependence of Agriculture and Industry:

   - Agro-industries in India boost agriculture productivity.

   - These industries rely on agriculture for raw materials.

Ex:

Agro-industries produce items like:

• Irrigation pumps, 
• Fertilizers, 
• Insecticides, 
• Pesticides, 
• Plastic and PVC pipes, 
• Machines and tools, etc.

   - Sales contribute to agricultural efficiency and productivity.

In Globalization Era: 

• Our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive. 
• Self-sufficiency alone is not enough. 
• Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market. 
• Only then, will we be able to compete in the international market.

Classification of Industries:

On the basis of source of raw materials used:

• Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.

• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

According to their main role:

• Provides Essential raw materials for manufacturing: like iron, steel, copper smelting, and aluminum smelting.

• Consumer Industries That Produce Goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

On the basis of capital investment:

• Small-scale industry: Is determined by the maximum allowed investment in assets, currently set at one crore rupees.

On the basis of ownership:

Public sector: Owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.

Private sector industries: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

Joint sector industries: Jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by the public and private sector.

Cooperative sector industries: 

Owned and operated by producers, raw material suppliers, or workers.

Resources are pooled, and profits or losses shared proportionately.

Examples:

- Sugar industry in Maharashtra.

- Coir industry in Kerala.

Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:

Heavy industries such as iron and steel

Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical goods industries.

Agro-based Industries:

Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials.

Textile Industry: 

Occupies a unique position in the Indian economy, 

Contributes in:

• Industrial production, 
• Employment generation and 
• Foreign exchange earnings. 

It is the only industry in the country:

• Which is self-reliant and 
• complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

Cotton Textiles: 

Q: Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi? Q: Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom?

Historical Evolution:

- Ancient India used hand spinning and handloom weaving for cotton textiles.

- After the 18th century, power-looms became prevalent.

Colonial Impact:

- Colonial period saw setbacks as Indian textiles couldn't compete with England mill-made cloth.

Regional Concentration:

- Cotton textile industry was initially concentrated in (cotton growing belt) Maharashtra and Gujarat due to factors like: raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities, labour, moist climate, etc.

Economic Links:

- Industry closely linked with agriculture, 

And provides: 

• a living to farmers, 
• cotton boll pluckers and 
• workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving,
• dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.

Note:The process of separating fibers from the seeds of cotton 

Supports other industries like chemicals and dyes, packaging, and engineering.

Current Scenario:

- Spinning centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.

- weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.

Spinning vs. Weaving:

- India has world class production in spinning, producing high-quality yarn.

- Weaving, however, often yields lower-quality fabric due to limitations in utilizing the premium yarn.

Weaving Techniques:

- Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills.

Handspun Khadi:

- Provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry.

Interesting fact: The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. The two world wars were fought in Europe, India was a British colony. There was a demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave a boost to the development of the cotton textile industry.

Jute Textiles:

- India, largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.

- Ranks second in exports, after Bangladesh.

Geographical Concentration:

- Most mills are located along West Bengal's Hugli river in a narrow belt.

Factors Influencing Location (Hugli basin):

- Proximity to jute-producing areas.

- Cost-effective water transport 

- Vast network of railways, roadways, and waterways.

- Abundant water for raw jute processing.

- cheap labor from West Bengal and neighboring states like Bihar, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh.

Urban Support:

- Kolkata, a large urban center, offers:

• banking, 
• insurance, and 
• port facilities crucial for jute goods export.

The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).

Sugar Industry:

- India ranks second globally in sugar production but first place in gur and khandsari.

The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.

Geographical Distribution:

- Mills spread across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh.

- 60% of mills are located in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Seasonal Nature and Cooperative Sector:

- Seasonal industry, well-suited for the cooperative sector.

- Cooperative structure aligns with the industry's seasonal fluctuations.

Note: A cooperative structure works well with seasonal changes in the industry because it helps members adjust together to fluctuations in demand or conditions. By working collaboratively, they can share risks and manage challenges posed by different seasons more effectively. This teamwork ensures a smoother response to the industry's ups and downs.

Shift to Southern and Western States:

- Recent trend of mills shifting to southern and western states, especially Maharashtra.

- Cane in these regions has higher sucrose content, and cooler climates allow for a longer crushing season.

- Cooperatives show more success in these states.

Mineral-based Industries

Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries.

Iron and Steel Industry:

1. Foundation for Other Industries:

   - All heavy, medium, and light industries rely on the iron and steel industry for their machinery.

2. Multiple Applications:

   - Steel is crucial for manufacturing engineering goods, construction materials, defense equipment, medical tools, telephonic devices, scientific equipment, and various consumer goods.

Role in Country's Development:

1. Development Index:

   - The production and consumption of steel are often considered indicators of a country's level of development.

2. Heavy Industry Characteristics:

   - Iron and steel industry is classified as heavy due to the weight and bulkiness of both raw materials and finished goods, leading to significant transportation costs.

Raw Material Requirements:

1. Essential Components:

   - Iron ore, coking coal, and limestone are vital raw materials, needed in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1.

2. Additional Elements:

   - Manganese is also required in certain quantities to enhance the hardness of steel.

Ideal Location Considerations:

1. Transportation Efficiency:

   - Steel plants should ideally be located where efficient transport networks exist for both raw materials and finished product distribution to markets and consumers.

Chota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. 

Because:

These include: 

• low cost of iron ore, 
• high grade raw materials in proximity, 
• cheap labour and 
• vast growth potential in the home market.

Aluminium Smelting:

1. Metallurgical Importance:

   - Aluminium smelting holds the second most crucial position in India's metallurgical industries.

2. Desirable Properties:

   - Aluminium is valued for being: 

• lightweight, 
• corrosion-resistant, 
• an efficient heat conductor, 
• malleable, and 
• strengthening when alloyed with other metals.

3. Versatile Applications:

   - Utilized in the production of aircraft, utensils, and wires, aluminium has gained popularity as a substitute for steel, copper, zinc, and lead in various industries.

Geographical Distribution of Aluminium Smelting Plants:

1. Nationwide Presence:

   - Aluminium smelting plants are strategically located across Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.

2. Raw Material and Manufacturing Process:

   - Bauxite, a bulky, dark reddish rock, serves as the primary raw material for smelters. The manufacturing process involves a series of steps outlined in the given flow chart.

Electricity and Raw Material Accessibility:

   - Uninterrupted electricity supply and access to raw materials at minimum cost are pivotal factors influencing the location of aluminium smelting industries.

Chemical Industries:

1. Diverse Growth (both inorganic and organic sectors): 

• India's chemical industry is fast growing, 
• comprises both large and small manufacturing units.

2. Inorganic Sector: 

• Inorganic chemicals, including sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.

3. Geographical Spread: These chemical industries are widely distributed across the country.

4. Organic Chemicals: Petrochemicals, vital for manufacturing synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals, are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

5. Self-Consumption: The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. 

Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets. Make a list of the products you are aware of.

Fertilizer Industry:

1. Product Focus: 

Centered on nitrogenous fertilizers (urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate, DAP, and complex fertilizers (N, P, K combination).

2. Potash Dependency: 

The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.

3. Green Revolution Impact: Post Green Revolution, the industry expanded to various regions in India.

• Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala contribute half of the fertilizer production.

5. Additional Producers: Significant production also occurs in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.

Cement Industry:

1. Construction Backbone: 

Essential for building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams, and commercial establishments.

2. Raw Material Demands: 

Relies on bulky materials—limestone, silica, and gypsum—and requires coal, electric power, and rail transportation.

3. Strategic Plant Locations: 

The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.

Automobile Industry:

1. Transport Diversity: Manufactures a range of vehicles—trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers, and multi-utility vehicles—for efficient transport of goods and passengers.

2. Liberalization Impact: Post-liberalization, the introduction of new models fueled market demand, driving healthy growth in passenger cars, two-wheelers, and three-wheelers.

3. Geographical Spread: Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, and Bengaluru.

IT and Electronics Industry:

1. Product Range: from transistors, televisions, and telephones to cellular telecom, radar, and computers, catering to telecommunication needs.

2. Electronic Hub: Bengaluru - electronic capital of India, with significant centers in Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, and Coimbatore.

3. Industry Concentration: Major industry hubs include Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Pune.

4. Employment Impact: 

Significant employment generation 

with continuous growth in hardware and software driving the success of the IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation:

1. Economic Contribution vs. Environmental Impact:

   - Industries play a vital role in India's economic growth.

   - However, their growth has led to severe environmental issues.

2. Types of Pollution:

   - Industries contribute to four main types of pollution: 

     - (a) Air 

     - (b) Water 

     - (c) Land 

     - (d) Noise.

3. Specific Culprits:

   - Polluting industries, such as thermal power plants, significantly contribute to environmental degradation.

Air Pollution:

1. Air Pollution Causes:

   - Undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide contribute to air pollution.

   - Airborne particulate materials, including solid and liquid particles, come from sources like dust, sprays, mist, and smoke.

2. Sources of Air Pollution:

   - Smoke originates from various industrial activities: 

• chemical and paper factories, 
• brick kilns, 
• refineries, 
• smelting plants, and 
• Big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.

3. Health Hazards and Tragedies:

   - Toxic gas leaks, as seen in the Bhopal Gas tragedy, can have severe and long-lasting effects.

4. Wide-ranging Impact

   - Negatively affects human health, animals, plants, buildings, and the overall atmosphere.

Water Pollution:

1. Water Pollution Sources:

   - Industrial wastes, both organic and inorganic, are major contributors to water pollution.

   - Main culprits include paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, and electroplating industries.

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Harmful Discharges:

   - Such as dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals (lead and mercury), pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals, plastics, and rubber.

3. Solid Waste Challenge:

   - Major solid wastes in India contributing to water pollution are fly ash, phospho-gypsum, and iron and steel slags.

Thermal Pollution:

1. Thermal Pollution Impact

   - Hot water discharged from factories and thermal plants into rivers and ponds before cooling causes thermal pollution.

   - Adverse effects on aquatic life are anticipated.

2. Health Risks from Nuclear Wastes:

   - Wastes from nuclear power plants and facilities lead to severe health issues like cancers, birth defects, and miscarriages.

3. Interconnected Soil and Water Pollution:

   - Dumping various wastes, including glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts, and garbage, renders soil useless.

 How? 

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  - Rainwater carries pollutants into the soil, contaminating both the ground and groundwater.

Noise Pollution:

1. Impact of Noise Pollution:

   - Causes irritation, anger, and physiological effects like hearing impairment, increased heart rate, and blood pressure.

   - Unwanted sound is a stressor and source of stress.

2. Noise Sources:

   - Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws, and pneumatic and electric drills contribute significantly to noise pollution.

Control of Environmental Degradation

Every litre of waste water discharged by our industry pollutes eight times the quantity of freshwater. 

How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? 

Some suggestions are-

(i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages

(ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements

(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. 

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases

(a) Primary Treatment By Mechanical Means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.

(b) Secondary Treatment By Biological Process

(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

Other Suggestions:

1. Groundwater Regulation:

   - Legal regulations needed to control industry overdrawing groundwater reserves, safeguarding this vital resource.

2. Air Pollution Mitigation:

   - Install smoke stacks on factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and inertial separators to reduce particulate matter.

   - Opt for oil or gas instead of coal to minimize smoke.

   - Equip machinery with silencers to control noise.

3. Efficiency and Noise Reduction:

   - Redesign machinery for increased energy efficiency and reduced noise.

   - Use noise-absorbing materials and consider personal measures like earplugs and earphones.

4. Sustainable Development:

   - Address the challenge of sustainable development by integrating economic growth with environmental considerations.

NTPC shows the way NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants. This has been possible through- (a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment. (b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation. (c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation. (d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management. (e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on- line database management for all its power stations. Read the given passage and answer the following questions: 1. What is the significance of NTPC having ISO certification for EMS 14001 in the context of its environmental management? 2. How does NTPC demonstrate a proactive approach towards environmental preservation in the passage? 3. According to the passage, what measures does NTPC take to reduce environmental pollution in the areas where it sets up power plants? 4. Explain how NTPC addresses the issue of waste generation and utilization for environmental conservation. 5. What role do green belts play in NTPC's efforts to preserve the natural environment, as mentioned in the passage?